نشریه تعلیم و تربیت استثنایی
سال پانزدهم شماره 134 (شهریور 1394)

The aim of this study is the comparison between Hypochondriasis, social anxiety and cognitive avoidance among mothers of students with and without learning disability. This study is causal - comparative. The population consisted of all mothers with children 9 to 14 years old with and without learning disability in 2013, in Ardabil city. The research sample consisted of 80 mothers of students with learning disability who were selected using available sampling method. 80 mothers of normal children through matching method (based on mother’s age, level of education and number of children) were selected. To collect data the Hypochondriasis, social anxiety disorder and cognitive avoidance scales were used. The gathered data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance. Results indicated that mothers of children with and without disability learning, there exist a significant difference in the Hypochondriasis, social anxiety and cognitive avoidance (P< 0/001). The results of current research indicate that mothers of children with learning disability are suffering more from Hypochondriasis, social anxiety and cognitive avoidance than mothers of children without learning disability. Therefore, educational and treatment interventions in order to improve psychological situation in mothers of children with learning disability is necessary.

The aim of study is to determine the effect of language multimedia software on training language & speech to hearing-impaired children this is a semi –experimental research with pre and post-test. From 60 hearing- impaired children, 30 participates were selected by simple random method as sample. The sample group has been divided into 2 groups of control & experiment. Pre-test has been performed before any intervention. Then, both groups were given post-test after training courses. Data were analyzed by covariance analysis. The results indicate that Training by software was effective on improvement of children with hearing (p>0.05). The performance of children who trained by multimedia software has improved significantly in compare with the ones who didn’t receive such training. Training through software has been effective on pictorial vocabulary, grammar perception and word production growth.

The presence of a disabled child associated with much care and psychological، social and financial stress that can have adverse effects on the structure and functioning of families and puts parents under physical، psychological، social and economic stress; So purpose of was to assess social adjustment of fathers having intellectually disabled children and fathers having normal children. This causal-comparative study was studied on 87 parents (40 fathers having intellectually disabled students and 40 fathers having normal children) that their children were enrolled in primary schools in Marivan. Subjects were in access group. Social Adjustment Scale Paykel and Weissman (1999) were used as an assessment tool. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics، t-test، point biserial and Pearson correlation coefficient by SPSS 16 software. The results showed that there was a significant difference between social adjustment of fathers with intellectually disabled children and fathers with normal children (p< 0. 05). Among the demographic variables، only the father's education is a significant relationship with social adjustment، fathers with higher educational levels have more favorable social adjustment. Overall، fathers with intellectually disabled children have less social adjustment than fathers of normal children; level of father’s education can contribute to the favorable social adjustment. So، informing fathers، especially fathers with intellectually disabled children can be helped to gain favorable social adjustment.

In three decades, researchers have tried to make clear epistemological foundation in the field of disability. These models play an important role in providing theoretical-practical support and services for people with special needs. The purpose of this study is to evaluate models of disability rehabilitation. The research method was theoretical method. For this purpose, the theoretical models of disability in rehabilitation science are explained, introduced and described. In the following, the relationship between patterns is explained. The results of this study suggest that the study and understanding of the theoretical foundations of models of disability can be a bright outlook for experts, specialists, therapists, teachers, legislators and people with special needs and provide their organizations.

Raising a child with disability will affect not only on parents but also on other family members. In fact, because the relationship between brothers and sisters are longer lasting than other relationship, development and advantage of this relationship can affect growth, behavior, personality, attitude and identity of them. On the one hand, these groups of siblings are under pressure because their parents experience the problems such as feeling conflict, contradictory, humiliation, oppression and discrimination. On the other hand the disabilities of siblings with disability affect the relationships of sibling and put them at risk for various disorders. In this article, first we discussed the relationship between brothers and sisters, especially when there is a child with disability in the family. Then the positive and negative effects of having sibling with disability are provided. Finally the effect of having a brother or sister with a disability is based on gender is expressed and in the end is concluded.

Over 90% of hearing impaired children have normally hearing parents and their parents don’t understand how communicate with them. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of effective communication skills training to parents of children with hearing loss on social skills of children. The method of this study is a quasi-experimental design with unequal control group design. The statistical population of this study consisted of parents of 4-6 year hearing impaired children of the preschool in Rasht in 2014-2015 academic year that among them a sample of 24 parents were selected by simple sampling and were assigned in both control and experimental groups social skills scale (Gresham and Elliott, 1990) was used as research tools. Educational program Effective communication skills training program, in 8 sessions with the participation of deaf parents in the experimental groups were taught, while the control group did not receive training. Results indicate that in the post-tests between the experimental and control groups, there are significant differences in terms of rate of improvement in social skills of hearing impaired children. Intervention was improved in social skills (P<0/001) of hearing impaired children in the experimental groups. It can be concluded that effective communication skills can be as an effective educational program to help hearing-impaired children.

Mentally retarded children, because of special mental conditions are more sedentary than healthy people. Their physical inactivity leads to motor and body weaknesses. Physical education is one of the key areas of education plays an important role in achieving the goals of education. This paper presents the results of various researches about the effects of exercise on various factors, physical fitness, postural control and physiological characteristics, mental health and learning skills. The results of researches show that exercise is beneficial in many dimensions for students with intellectual disability. These indicators include improving physical fitness, especially cardiovascular and muscular fitness, balance, posture such as spinal angles and lower extremity anomalies, adaptive behavior, social adjustment, cognitive development, motor learning and the reduction of aggression. Exercises can also be training programs or different sports, direct and indirect methods including physical education classes in school or regular exercise and weight resistance exercises, corrective exercises or Play Therapy. As a result, this people with an appropriate exercise program will have the opportunity to be trained physically and mentally and dexterity. And therefore they can have an active and healthy life when entering adulthood and this shows the importance of physical activity and physical education among these people.